Uniswap
AMM: Automated Market Makers
CFMMs: Constant Function Market Makers
Problem: in V1, V2 of the Uniswap Protocol, only a fraction of the assets are available at a certain price.
In v1, v2: liquidity is distributed along an x*y=k price curve, with assets reserved for all prices between 0 and infinity.
The is the onchain liquidity pool model of 1 constant product with two reserve coins:
Swap Orders:
swap x to y = limit buying order y from x
swap y to x = limit order selling y for x
order price: price of y over x
Swap Price variables:
RX : X amount in the liquidity pool
RY : Y amount in the liquidity pool
P : swap price
BX : x amount of Buy orders w/ price > p
SY : y amount of Sell Orders w/ price < p
PSP : x/y
How it works:
If the quantity of orders which swap x for y with a higher price than that of PSP is greater than the quantity of y at the last price + the quantity of orders which swap y for x with a lower price than that of PSP: the price goes up.
If the quantity of orders which swap y for x with a lower price than that of PSP is greater than the quantity of x at the last price + the quantity of orders which swap x for y with a higher price than that of PSP: the price goes down.
LPs can deposit funds, earn market making fees and receive pool tokens.
Uniswap V3
In Uniswap V3 the protocol gives Liquidity Providers (LPs) more control over the price ranges in which their capital is used.
It also provides flexible fees (0.05%, 0.30%, and 1.00%) for market makers. This is enabled by one major upgrade to the protocol: concentrated liquidity.
Concentrated Liquidity: liquidity bounded within some price range. This liquidity concentration to a finite range is called a position. LPs can combine any number of distinct concentrated positions within a single pool.
A position only needs to maintain enough reserves to support trading within it's range; it's virtual reserves.
The range is denoted by the maker via ticks and when the price moves below or above a tick as it become active or inactive. eg. If market prices move outside an LPs price range, their liquidity is effectively removed from the pool and no longer earning fees.
This allows liquidity providers to create many positions and be able to fluidly move tokens across bands to keep their liquidity active.
In V3 it's all about the flexibility and capital efficiency (especially for professional market makers); however the dynamics between active versus passive LPs still remains a big question.
To learn more check out:
the uniswap contracts at GitHub.com/Uniswap/uniswap-v3-periphery
uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3
https://research.parsec.finance/posts/uniswap-v3-vs-LOB
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